Indian researchers discovered a specific protein IL-35 for diabetes treatment
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) has emerged as a promising candidate in the field of immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune diabetes mellitus (AIDM). The therapeutic utility of IL-35 is primarily attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties, which help regulate immune responses, making it a potential game changer in managing these chronic conditions.
Mechanism of Action:
IL-35, a member of the IL-12 cytokine family, is composed of two subunits: Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and IL-12α. This dimeric cytokine has been shown to suppress the activation of pathogenic T cells, particularly Th1 and Th17 cells, while promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and regulatory B cells (Bregs) in the context of autoimmunity12. By modulating macrophage polarization and influencing cytokine production from T-cells, IL-35 can effectively reduce the inflammatory milieu that characterizes autoimmune diabetes.
Clinical Studies and Applications:
Recent studies indicate that low levels of IL-35 are associated with severe autoimmune activity and are found in children diagnosed with T1DM56. The capacity of IL-35 to inhibit T cell function has been tested in various experimental models, such as the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1DM. Research showed that ectopic expression of IL-35 in beta cells prevented diabetes onset by reducing the numbers of infiltrating conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as dendritic cells in the pancreatic islets.
Furthermore, a recent study employing adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to deliver IL-35 specifically to beta cells revealed that this targeted approach significantly suppresses established autoimmune responses, suggesting that IL-35 therapy could offer a robust treatment for T1DM by curbing the inflammatory damage to pancreatic beta cells.
Future Research Directions:
Despite promising findings, further research is essential to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which IL-35 mediates its effects and to establish standardized treatments for clinical applications. The potential for IL-35 as part of combination therapies with other immunomodulatory agents could also boost its efficacy and safety profile, especially in terms of avoiding the systemic side effects often associated with cytokine therapies.
In summary, IL-35 presents a novel avenue for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and autoimmune diabetes, with its immunosuppressive actions fostering an environment that may protect insulin-producing beta cells from autoimmune destruction. The ongoing exploration of IL-35’s therapeutic potential continues to reveal its role as a pivotal player in diabetes immunotherapy.
